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미육군 MGM 31A Pershing Ia 지대지미사일 발사모습들

Summary: 미육군 MGM 31A Pershing Ia 지대지미사일 발사모습들 Pershing was a family of solid fueled two stage medium range ballistic missiles designed and built by Martin Marietta to replace the PGM 11 Redstone missile as the United States Army s primary theater level weapon It was named for General John J Pershing The systems were managed by the US Army Missile Command MICOM and deployed by the United States Army Field Artillery Corps The PERSHING Missile System Conceived as a replacement for the REDSTONE the PERSHING I was first deployed in August 1963 A second generation system the PERSHING la began replacing the PERSHING I in 1969 The improved system provided increased reliability and flexibility additional ease of maintenance lower mission cost and enhanced operational time An evolutionary improvement of the PERSHING la system the PERSHING II was first deployed in December 1983 Through the use of a terminally guided reentry vehicle with a new warhead new propulsion sections and modified PERSHING la ground support equipment the PERSHING II provided increased effectiveness covering longer ranges with reduced collateral damage over the PERSHING la The increased range and pinpoint accuracy of the PERSHING II were major factors influencing the Soviet Union s decision to seek the Treaty on Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces in which the United States and the USSR agreed to eliminate an entire class of nuclear missiles Development Pershing I test flightIn 1956 George Bunker the president of The Martin Company paid a courtesy call on General John Medaris of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency ABMA at Redstone Arsenal Medaris noted that it would be advantageous to the Army if there were a missile plant in the vicinity of Cape Canaveral Martin began construction of their Sand Lake facility in Orlando Florida and opened it in late 1957 Ed Uhl co inventor of the bazooka was the vice president and general manager of the new facility The US Army began feasibility studies in 1956 for a ballistic missile with a required range of 500750 nautical miles Later that year Secretary of Defense Charles E Wilson issued the Wilson Memorandum that stripped the US Army of all missiles with a range of 200 miles or greater When the memorandum was rescinded in 1958 ABMA began development Initially called the Redstone S solid the name was quickly changed to Pershing Seven companies were selected to provide proposals Chrysler Lockheed Douglas Convair Firestone Sperry Rand and The Martin Company 1 Secretary of the Army Wilber Brucker former governor of Michigan was apparently under pressure from home to award the contract to a Michigan company Chrysler was the only contractor from Michigan but Medaris convinced Brucker to leave the decision entirely in the hands of ABMA After a selection process by General Medaris and Dr Arthur Rudolph The Martin Company later Martin Marietta after a 1961 merger was awarded a CPFF cost plus fixed fee contract for research development and initial production of the Pershing system under the technical supervision and concept control of the government As Martin s quality control manager for the Pershing Phil Crosby developed the concept of Zero Defects that enhanced the production and reliability of the system Pershing IThe first XM14 R Pershing was demonstrated but not fired The 56th Field Artillery Group was activated in Heilbronn West Germany to become the parent unit for three missile battalions The 4th Missile Battalion 41st Artillery was formed in 1963 and deployed to Schwbisch Gmnd West Germany This was followed by the deployment of the 1st Battalion 81st Field Artillery in Neu Ulm Bavaria West Germany In 1964 the Secretary of Defense assigned the Pershing weapon system to a Quick Reaction Alert QRA role after a DOD study showed that Pershing would be superior to tactical aircraft for the QRA mission The German Air Force GAF began training at Fort Sill The 2nd Missile Battalion 79th Artillery was formed for deployment to South Korea but was deactivated before equipment was issued In 1965 three US Army battalions and two GAF wings were operational in Germany The Pershing I missile was 10 5 m 34 ft 5 in long 1 02 m 3 ft 4 in in diameter and weighed 4655 kg 10 262 lb It was powered by two Thiokol solid propellant engines the TX TX 174 first stage generated 115 kN 25 900 lbf for 38 3 seconds and the TX 175 second stage 85 kN 19 100 lbf for 39 seconds total powered flight time was a maximum of 77 seconds at a speed of around Mach 8 Since a solid propellant engine cannot simply be turned off selective range was achieved by thrust reversal and case vent The rocket stages were attached with splice bands and explosive bolts As directed by the onboard guidance computer the bolts would explode and eject the splice band Another squib would open the thrust reversal ports in the forward end of the stage and ingite the propellant in the forward end causing the engine to reverse direction During testing it was found that the second stage would draft behind the warhead and cause drift so an explosive charge was added to the side of the engine that would open the case and vent the propellant The range could be graduated but the maximum was 740 km 460 miles The missile was steered by jet vanes in the rocket nozzles and air vanes on the engine case Guidance was provided by an onboard analog guidance computer and a Eclipse Pioneer ST 120 Stable Table 120 inertial guidance system The warhead could be conventional explosive or a W50 nuclear warhead yielding 400 kt of TNT 1 7 PJ The Pershing I firing platoon consisted of four M747 tracked vehicles by comparison Redstone needed twenty vehicles The TEL transported the two stages and the guidance section as an assembly and provided the launch platform after the warhead was mated The Warhead Carrier transported the warhead and the azimuth laying set used to position the missile The programmer test station PTS and power station PS were mounted on one carrier The PTS was a mounted shelter that contained the computer system used to test and launch the missile The PS delivered electrical power pneumatic power and conditioned air for the missile and launch site ground support equipment The AN TRC 80 radio terminal set RTS was produced by Collins Radio Company specifically for the Pershing system The Track 80 used an inflatable dish antenna to provide line of sight or tropospheric scatter voice and teletype communications between missile firing units and higher headquarters The erector launcher PTS PS and RTS could be removed from the carriers and air transported in fourteen CH 47 Chinook loads 2 The missile had to be positioned layed in on a pre surveyed site with a system of three theodolites The missile had to be oriented to north an operator used a theodolite aimed at a window in the guidance section of the missile Using a control box the ST 120 inertial guidance system in the guidance section was rotated until it was aligned at this point the missile knew which direction was north In 1961 Martin proposed a satellite launch system based on the Pershing 3 Pegasus would have had a lighter simplified guidance section and a short third stage booster A 60 pound payload could be boosted to a 210 mile circular orbit or to an elliptical orbit with a 700 mile apogee Pegasus would have used the Pershing launcher and could be emplaced in any open area Martin seems to have been targeting the nascent European space program but it appears that this program was never developed In 1965 the Army contracted with the Applied Physics Laboratory APL of Johns Hopkins University to develop and implement a test and evaluation program 4 APL technical support to the Pershing Operational Test Unit POTU and indentified problem areas and improved the performance and survivability of the Pershing systems Pershing IaIn 1964 a series of operational tests and follow on tests were performed to determine the reliability of the Pershing 1 The Secretary of Defense then requested that the Army define the modifications required to make Pershing suitable for the quick reaction alert QRA role The Pershing 1A development program was approved in 1965 and the original Pershing was renamed to Pershing I Martin Marietta received the Pershing 1A production contract in mid 1967 The 2nd Battalion 44th Field Artillery received equipment at Fort Sill in 1969 Project SWAP replaced all of the Pershing equipment in Germany by mid 1970 and the first units quickly achieved QRA status Pershing 1A was a quick reaction alert system and so had faster vehicles launch times and newer electronics The total number of launchers was increased from eight to 36 per battalion It was deployed from May 1969 and by 1970 almost all the Pershing I systems had been upgraded to Pershing Ia under Project SWAP Production of the Pershing Ia ended in 1975 and reopened in 1977 to replace missiles expended in training In the mid 1970s the Pershing 1A system was further improved to allow the firing of a platoon s three missiles in quick succession and from any site without the need for surveying 754 Pershing I Ia missiles were built with 180 deployed in Europe 5 The battalions in Europe were reorganized under new tables of organization and equipment TOE an infantry battalion was authorized and formed to provide additional security for the system and the 56th Artillery Group was reorganized and redesignated the 56th Field Artillery Brigade Due to the nature of the weapon system officer positions were increased by one grade batteries were commanded by a major instead of a captain battalions were commanded by a colonel and the brigade was commanded by a brigadier general The erector launcher EL was a modified low boy flat bed trailer towed by a Ford M757 5 ton tractor The erection booms used a 3 0 미육군 MGM 31A Pershing Ia 지대지미사일 발사모습들 Pershing was a family of solid fueled two stage medium range ballistic missiles designed and built by Martin Marietta to replace the PGM 11 Redstone missile as the United States Army s primary theater level weapon It was named for General John J Pershing The systems were managed by the US Army Missile Command MICOM and deployed by the United States Army Field Artillery Corps The PERSHING Missile System Conceived as a replacement for the REDSTONE the PERSHING I was first deployed in August 1963 A second generation system the PERSHING la began replacing the PERSHING I in 1969 The improved system provided increased reliability and flexibility additional ease of maintenance lower mission cost and enhanced operational time An evolutionary improvement of the PERSHING la system the PERSHING II was first deployed in December 1983 Through the use of a terminally guided reentry vehicle with a new warhead new propulsion sections and modified PERSHING la ground support equipment the PERSHING II provided increased effectiveness covering longer ranges with reduced collateral damage over the PERSHING la The increased range and pinpoint accuracy of the PERSHING II were major factors influencing the Soviet Union s decision to seek the Treaty on Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces in which the United States and the USSR agreed to eliminate an entire class of nuclear missiles Development Pershing I test flightIn 1956 George Bunker the president of The Martin Company paid a courtesy call on General John Medaris of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency ABMA at Redstone Arsenal Medaris noted that it would be advantageous to the Army if there were a missile plant in the vicinity of Cape Canaveral Martin began construction of their Sand Lake facility in Orlando Florida and opened it in late 1957 Ed Uhl co inventor of the bazooka was the vice president and general manager of the new facility The US Army began feasibility studies in 1956 for a ballistic missile with a required range of 500750 nautical miles Later that year Secretary of Defense Charles E Wilson issued the Wilson Memorandum that stripped the US Army of all missiles with a range of 200 miles or greater When the memorandum was rescinded in 1958 ABMA began development Initially called the Redstone S solid the name was quickly changed to Pershing Seven companies were selected to provide proposals Chrysler Lockheed Douglas Convair Firestone Sperry Rand and The Martin Company 1 Secretary of the Army Wilber Brucker former governor of Michigan was apparently under pressure from home to award the contract to a Michigan company Chrysler was the only contractor from Michigan but Medaris convinced Brucker to leave the decision entirely in the hands of ABMA After a selection process by General Medaris and Dr Arthur Rudolph The Martin Company later Martin Marietta after a 1961 merger was awarded a CPFF cost plus fixed fee contract for research development and initial production of the Pershing system under the technical supervision and concept control of the government As Martin s quality control manager for the Pershing Phil Crosby developed the concept of Zero Defects that enhanced the production and reliability of the system Pershing IThe first XM14 R Pershing was demonstrated but not fired The 56th Field Artillery Group was activated in Heilbronn West Germany to become the parent unit for three missile battalions The 4th Missile Battalion 41st Artillery was formed in 1963 and deployed to Schwbisch Gmnd West Germany This was followed by the deployment of the 1st Battalion 81st Field Artillery in Neu Ulm Bavaria West Germany In 1964 the Secretary of Defense assigned the Pershing weapon system to a Quick Reaction Alert QRA role after a DOD study showed that Pershing would be superior to tactical aircraft for the QRA mission The German Air Force GAF began training at Fort Sill The 2nd Missile Battalion 79th Artillery was formed for deployment to South Korea but was deactivated before equipment was issued In 1965 three US Army battalions and two GAF wings were operational in Germany The Pershing I missile was 10 5 m 34 ft 5 in long 1 02 m 3 ft 4 in in diameter and weighed 4655 kg 10 262 lb It was powered by two Thiokol solid propellant engines the TX TX 174 first stage generated 115 kN 25 900 lbf for 38 3 seconds and the TX 175 second stage 85 kN 19 100 lbf for 39 seconds total powered flight time was a maximum of 77 seconds at a speed of around Mach 8 Since a solid propellant engine cannot simply be turned off selective range was achieved by thrust reversal and case vent The rocket stages were attached with splice bands and explosive bolts As directed by the onboard guidance computer the bolts would explode and eject the splice band Another squib would open the thrust reversal ports in the forward end of the stage and ingite the propellant in the forward end causing the engine to reverse direction During testing it was found that the second stage would draft behind the warhead and cause drift so an explosive charge was added to the side of the engine that would open the case and vent the propellant The range could be graduated but the maximum was 740 km 460 miles The missile was steered by jet vanes in the rocket nozzles and air vanes on the engine case Guidance was provided by an onboard analog guidance computer and a Eclipse Pioneer ST 120 Stable Table 120 inertial guidance system The warhead could be conventional explosive or a W50 nuclear warhead yielding 400 kt of TNT 1 7 PJ The Pershing I firing platoon consisted of four M747 tracked vehicles by comparison Redstone needed twenty vehicles The TEL transported the two stages and the guidance section as an assembly and provided the launch platform after the warhead was mated The Warhead Carrier transported the warhead and the azimuth laying set used to position the missile The programmer test station PTS and power station PS were mounted on one carrier The PTS was a mounted shelter that contained the computer system used to test and launch the missile The PS delivered electrical power pneumatic power and conditioned air for the missile and launch site ground support equipment The AN TRC 80 radio terminal set RTS was produced by Collins Radio Company specifically for the Pershing system The Track 80 used an inflatable dish antenna to provide line of sight or tropospheric scatter voice and teletype communications between missile firing units and higher headquarters The erector launcher PTS PS and RTS could be removed from the carriers and air transported in fourteen CH 47 Chinook loads 2 The missile had to be positioned layed in on a pre surveyed site with a system of three theodolites The missile had to be oriented to north an operator used a theodolite aimed at a window in the guidance section of the missile Using a control box the ST 120 inertial guidance system in the guidance section was rotated until it was aligned at this point the missile knew which direction was north In 1961 Martin proposed a satellite launch system based on the Pershing 3 Pegasus would have had a lighter simplified guidance section and a short third stage booster A 60 pound payload could be boosted to a 210 mile circular orbit or to an elliptical orbit with a 700 mile apogee Pegasus would have used the Pershing launcher and could be emplaced in any open area Martin seems to have been targeting the nascent European space program but it appears that this program was never developed In 1965 the Army contracted with the Applied Physics Laboratory APL of Johns Hopkins University to develop and implement a test and evaluation program 4 APL technical support to the Pershing Operational Test Unit POTU and indentified problem areas and improved the performance and survivability of the Pershing systems Pershing IaIn 1964 a series of operational tests and follow on tests were performed to determine the reliability of the Pershing 1 The Secretary of Defense then requested that the Army define the modifications required to make Pershing suitable for the quick reaction alert QRA role The Pershing 1A development program was approved in 1965 and the original Pershing was renamed to Pershing I Martin Marietta received the Pershing 1A production contract in mid 1967 The 2nd Battalion 44th Field Artillery received equipment at Fort Sill in 1969 Project SWAP replaced all of the Pershing equipment in Germany by mid 1970 and the first units quickly achieved QRA status Pershing 1A was a quick reaction alert system and so had faster vehicles launch times and newer electronics The total number of launchers was increased from eight to 36 per battalion It was deployed from May 1969 and by 1970 almost all the Pershing I systems had been upgraded to Pershing Ia under Project SWAP Production of the Pershing Ia ended in 1975 and reopened in 1977 to replace missiles expended in training In the mid 1970s the Pershing 1A system was further improved to allow the firing of a platoon s three missiles in quick succession and from any site without the need for surveying 754 Pershing I Ia missiles were built with 180 deployed in Europe 5 The battalions in Europe were reorganized under new tables of organization and equipment TOE an infantry battalion was authorized and formed to provide additional security for the system and the 56th Artillery Group was reorganized and redesignated the 56th Field Artillery Brigade Due to the nature of the weapon system officer positions were increased by one grade batteries were commanded by a major instead of a captain battalions were commanded by a colonel and the brigade was commanded by a brigadier general The erector launcher EL was a modified low boy flat bed trailer towed by a Ford M757 5 ton tractor The erection booms used a 3 0

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